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25-04-2012
Results of the grants competition: research papers in economic sociology, 2012 (E-journal "Economic Sociology")

17-03-2012
Grants competition: research papers in economic sociology (electronic journal "Economic Sociology"). Deadline: April 1, 2012.

28-12-2011
Workshop on Embeddedness and Embedding, University of Gdańsk, 14–15 of May 2012

19-09-2011
International conference in Moscow "Embeddedness and Beyond: Do Sociological Theories Meet Economic Realities?" October 25-28, 2012. Deadline – February 15, 2012.

01-06-2011
Workshop on multilevel and multimode governance in the context of globalization (Deadline for proposal sumbission - June 15)

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Glossary

Weber, Max. Economy and Society: An Outline of Interpretive Sociology / Ed. by Guenther Roth, Claus Wittich; Transl. by Ephraim Fischoff et al. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1978.

Table of contents
Abstract
Reviews
Excerpt

List of abbreviations	xxv
VOLUME I
Preface to the 1978 re-issue	xxix
Preface	xxxi
Introduction by Guenther Roth	xxxiii
1. A Claim	xxxiii
2. Sociological theory, Comparative Study and Historical Explanation	xxxv
3. The Legal Forms of Medieval Trading Enterprises	xl
4. Economic and Political Power in Ancient Germanic History	xlii
5. The Roman Empire and Imperial Germany	xlvi
6. The Economic Theory of Antiquity	l
7. A Political Typology of Antiquity	liv
8. Weber’s Vision of the Future and His Academic Politics	lvii
9. The Planning of Economy and Society	lxii
10. The Structure of Economy and Society	lxvi
I. Part Two: The Earlier Part	lxvii
Ch. I: The Economy and Social Norms – On Stammler	lxvii
Ch. II: On Marx, Michels and Sombart	lxix
Ch. III–V: The Relatively Universal Groups	lxxiii
Ch. VI: The Sociology of Religion	lxxvi
Ch. VII: The Market, Its Impersonality and Ethic	lxxx
Ch. VIII: The Sociology of Law	lxxxi
Ch. IX: Political Community and State	lxxxiv
Ch. X–XVI: The Sociology of Domination	lxxxviii
(a) The Theory of Modern Democracy	xci
(b) The Dimensions of Rulership	xciii
(c) The Terminology of Domination	xciv
(d) The City: Usurpation and Revolution	xcvii
II. Part One: The Later Part	c
11. Weber’s Political Writings	civ
12. On Editing and Translating Economy and Society	cvii
13. Acknowledgments	cx
Part One: CONCEPTUAL EXPOSITION
Chapter I
Basic Sociological Terms	3
Prefatory Note	3
1. The Definitions of Sociology and of Social Action	4
A. Methodological Foundations	4
B. Social Action	22
2. Types of Social Action	24
3. The Concept of Social Relationship	26
4. Types of Action Orientation: Usage, Custom, Self-Interest	29
5. Legitimate Order	31
6. Types of Legitimate Order: Convention and Law	33
7. Bases of Legitimacy: Tradition, Faith, Enactment	36
8. Conflict, Competition, Selection	38
9. Communal and Associative Relationships	40
10. Open and Closed Relationships	43
11. The Imputation of Social Action: Representation and Mutual Responsibility	46
12. The Organization	48
13. Consensual and Imposed Order in Organizations	50
14. Administrative and Regulative Order	51
15. Enterprise, Formal Organization, Voluntary and Compulsory Association	52
16. Power and Domination	53
17. Political and Hierocratic Organizations	54
Notes	56
Chapter II
Sociological Categories of Economic Action	63
Prefatory Note	63
1. The Concept of Economic Action	63
2. The Concept of Utility	68
3. Modes of Economic Orientation of Action	69
4. Typical Measures of Rational Economic Action	71
5. Types of Economic Organizations	74
6. Media of Exchange, Means of Payment, Money	75
7. The Primary Consequences of the Use of Money. Credit	80
8. The Market	82
9. Formal and Substantive Rationality of Economic Action	85
10. The Rationality of Monetary Accounting. Management and Budgeting	86
11. The Concept and Types of Profit-Making. The Role of Capital	90
12. Calculations in Kind	100
13. Substantive Conditions of Formal Rationality in a Money Economy	107
14. Market Economies and Planned Economies	109
15. Types of Economic Division of Labor	114
16. Types of the Technical Division of Labor	118
17. Types of the Technical Division of Labor – (Continued)	120
18. Social Aspects of the Division of Labor	122
19. Social Aspects of the Division of Labor – (Continued)	125
20. Social Aspects of the Division of Labor: The Appropriation of Material Means of Production	130
21. Social Aspects of the Division of Labor: The Appropriation of Managerial Functions	136
22. The Expropriation of Workers from the Means of Production	137
23.The Expropriation of Workers from the Means of Production – (Continued)	139
24. The Concept of Occupation and Types of Occupational Structure	140
24a. The Principal Forms of Appropriation and of Market Relationship	144
25. Conditions Underlying the Calculability of the Productivity of Labor	150
26. Forms of Communism	153
27. Capital Goods and Capital Accounting	154
28. The Concept of Trade and Its Principal Forms	156
29. The Concept of Trade and Its Principal Forms – (Continued)	157
29a. The Concept of Trade and Its Principal Forms – (Concluded)	159
30. The Conditions of Maximum Formal Rationality of Capital Accounting	161
31. The Principal Modes of Capitalistic Orientation of Profit-Making	164
32. The Monetary System of the Modern State and the Different Kinds of Money: Currency Money	166
33. Restricted Money	174
34. Note Money	176
35. The Formal and Substantive Validity of Money	178
36. Methods and Aims of Monetary Policy	180
36a. Excursus: A Critical Note on the „State Theory of Money“	184
37. The Non-Monetary Significance of Political Bodies for the Economic Order	193
38. The Financing of Political Bodies	194
39. Repercussions of Public Financing on Private Economic Activity	199
40. The Influence of Economic Factors on the Formation of Organizations	201
41. The Mainspring of Economic Activity	202
Notes	206
Chapter III
The Types of Legitimate Domination	212
I. The Basis of Legitimacy	212
1. Domination and Legitimacy	212
2. the Three Pure types of Authority	215
II. Legal Authority with a Bureaucratic Administrative Staff	217
3. Legal Authority: The Pure Type	217
4. Legal Authority: The Pure Type (Continued)	220
5. Monocratic Bureaucracy	223
III. Traditional Authority	226
6. The Pure Type	226
7. The Pure Type (Continued)	228
7a. Gerontocracy, Patriarchalism and Patrimonialism	231
8. Patrimonial Maintenance: Benefices and Fiefs	235
9. Estate-Type Domination and Its Division of Powers	236
9a. Traditional Domination and the Economy	237
IV. Charismatic Authority	241
10. Charismatic Authority and Charismatic Community	241
V. The Routinization of Charisma	246
11. The Rise of the Charismatic Community and the Problem of Succession	246
12. Types of Appropriation by the Charismatic Staff	249
12a. Status Honor and the Legitimation of Authority	251
VI. Feudalism	255
12b. Occidental Feudalism and Its Conflict with Patrimonialism	255
12c. Prebendal Feudalism and Other Variants	259
13. Combinations of the Different Types of Authority	262
VII. The Transformation of Charisma in a Democratic Direction	266
14. Democratic Legitimacy, Plebiscitary Leadership and Elected Officialdom	266
VIII. Collegiality and the Division of Powers	271
15. Types of Collegiality and of the Division of Powers	271
16. The Functionally Specific Division of Powers	282
17. The Relations of the Political Separation of Powers to the Economy	283
IX. Parties	284
18. Definition and Characteristics	284
X. Direct Democracy and Representative Administration	289
19. The Conditions of Direct Democracy and of Administration by Notables	289
20. Administration by Notables	290
XI. Representation	292
21. The Principal Forms and Characteristics	292
22. Representation by the Agents of Interest Groups	297
Notes	299
Chapter IV
Status Groups and Classes	302
1. Class Situation and Class Types	302
2. Property Classes	303
3. Commercial Classes	304
4. Social Class	305
5. Status and Status Group (Stand)	305
Notes	307
Part Two: THE ECONOMY AND THE ARENA OF NORMATIVE AND DE FACTO POWERS
Chapter I
The Economy and Social Norms	311
1. Legal Order and Economic Order	311
A. The Sociological Concept of Law	311
B. State Law and Extra-State Law	316
2. Law, Convention, and Custom	319
A. Significance of Custom in the Formation of Law	319
B. Change Through Inspiration and Empathy	321
C. Borderline Zones Between Convention, Custom, and Law	323
3. Excursus in Response to Rudolf Stammler	325
4. Summary of the Most General Relations Between Law and Economy	333
Notes	337
Chapter II
The Economic Relationships of Organized Groups	339
1. Economic Action and Economically Active Groups	339
2. Open and Closed Economic Relationships	341
3. Group Structures and Economic Interests: Monopolist versus Expansionist Tendencies	344
4. Five Types of Want Satisfaction by Economically Active Groups	348
5. Effects of Want Satisfaction and Taxation on Capitalism and Mercantilism	351
Notes	354
Chapter III
Household, Neighborhood and Kin Group	356
1. The Household: Familial, Capitalistic and Communistic Solidarity	356
2. The Neighborhood: An Unsentimental Economic Brotherhood	360
3. The Regulation of Sexual Relations in the Household	363
4. The Kin Group and Its Economic Effects on the Household	365
Notes	369
Chapter IV
Household, Enterprise and Oikos	370
1. The Impact of Economic, Military and Political Groups on Joint Property Law and Succession in the Household	370
The Disintegration of the Household: The Rise of the Calculative Spirit of the Modern Capitalist Enterprise	375
3. The Alternative Development: The Oikos	381
Notes	384
Chapter V
Ethnic Groups	385
1. „Race“ Membership	385
2. The Belief in Common Ethnicity: Its Multiple Social Origins and Theoretical Ambiguities	387
3. Tribe and Political Community: The Disutility of the Notion of „Ethnic Groups“	393
4. Nationality and Cultural Prestige	395
Notes	398
Chapter VI
Religious Groups (The Sociology of Religion)	399
I. The Origins of Religion	399
1. The Original This-Worldly Orientation of Religious and Magical Action	399
2. The Belief in Spirits, Demons, and the Soul	401
3. Naturalism and Symbolism	403
4. Pantheon and Functional Gods	407
5. Ancestor Cult and the Priesthood of the Family Head	411
6. Political and Local Gods	412
7. Universalism and Monotheism in Relation to Everyday Religious Needs and Political Organization	415
Notes	420
II. Magic and Religion	422
1. Magical Coercion versus Supplication, Prayer and Sacrifice	422
2. The Differentiation of Priests from Magicians	425
3. Reactions to Success and Failure of Gods and Demons	427
4. Ethical Deities and Increasing Demands Upon Them	429
5. Magical Origins of Religious Ethics and the Rationalization of Taboo	432
6. Taboo Norms: Totemism and Commensalism	433
7. Caste Taboo, Vocational Caste Ethics, and Capitalism	435
8. From Magical Ethics to Conscience, Sin and Salvation	437
Notes	439
III. The Prophet	439
1. Prophet versus Priest and Magician	439
2. Prophet and Lawgiver	442
3. Prophet and Teacher of Ethics	444
4. Mystagogue and Teacher	446
5. Ethical and Exemplary Prophecy	447
6. The Nature of Prophetic Revelation: The World As a Meaningful Totality	450
Notes	451
IV. The Congregation between Prophet and Priest	452
1. The Congregation: The Permanent Association of Laymen	452
2. Canonical Writings, Dogmas and Scriptural Religion	457
3. Preaching and Pastoral Care as Results of Prophetic Religion	464
Notes	467
V. The Religious Propensities of Peasantry, Nobility and Bourgeoisie	468
1. Peasant Religion and Its Ideological Glorification	468
2. Aristocratic Irreligion versus Warring for the Faith	472
3. Bureaucratic Irreligion	476
4. Bourgeois Religion and Economic Rationalism	477
Notes	480
VI. The Religion of Non-Privileged Strata	481
1. The Craftsmen’s Inclination Toward Congregational and Salvation Religion	481
2. The Religious Disinclinations of Slaves, Day Laborers and the Modern Propetariat	484
3. The Devolution of Salvation Religion from Privileged to Non-Privileged Strata	486
4. The Religious Equality of Women Among Disprivileged Strata	488
5. The Differential Function of Salvation Religion for Higher and Lower Strata: Legitimation versus Compensation	490
6. Pariah People and Ressentiment: Judaism versus Hinduism	492
Notes	499
VII. Intellectualism, Intellectuals, and Salvation Religion	500
1. Priests and Monks as Intellectualist Elaborators of Religion	500
2. High-Status Intellectuals as Religious Innovators	502
3. Political Decline of Privileged Strata and Escapism of Intellectuals	503
4. The Religious Impact of Proletarian, Petty-Bourgeois and Pariah Intellectualism	507
5. The Intellectualism of Higher- and Lower-Ranking Strata in Ancient Judaism	508
6. The Predominance of Anti-Intellectualism Currents in Early Christianity	510
7. Elite and Mass Intellectualism in Medieval Christianity	513
8. Modern Intellectual Status Groups and Secular Salvation Ideologies	515
Notes	517
VIII. Theology, Salvation, and Rebirth	518
1. Theodicy and Eschatology	518
2. Predestination and Providence	522
3. Other Solutions of Theodicy: Dualism and the Transmigration of the Soul	523
4. Salvation: This-Worldly and Other-Worldly	526
Notes	529
IX. Salvation Through the Believer’s Efforts	529
1. Salvation Through Ritual	529
2. Salvation Through Good Works	532
3. Salvation Through Self-Perfection	534
4. The Certainty and the Religious Virtuosi	538
Notes	541
X. Asceticism, Mysticism and Salvation	541
1. Asceticism: World-Rejecting or Inner-Worldly	541
2. Mysticism versus Asceticism	544
3. The Decisive Differences Between Oriental and Occidental Salvation	551
Notes	556
XI. Soteriology or Salvation From Outside	557
1. Salvation Through the Savior’s Incarnation and Through Institutional Grace	557
2. Salvation Through Faith Alone and Its Intellectual Consequences	563
3. Salvation Through Belief in Predestination	572
Notes	576
XII. Religious Ethics and the World: Economics	576
1. Worldly Virtues and the Ethnics of Ultimate Ends	576
2. Familial Piety, Neighborly Help, and Compensation	579
3. Alms-Giving, Charity, and the Protection of the Work	581
4. Religious Ethics, Economic Rationality and the Issue of Usury	583
Notes	589
XIII. Religious Ethnics and the World: Politics	590
1. From Religious Subordination to the Anti-Political Rejection of the World	590
2. Tensions and Compromises Between Ethics and Politics	593
3. Natural Law and Vocational Ethics	597
Notes	601
XIV. Religious Ethics and the World: Sexuality and Art	602
1. Orgy versus Chastity	602
2. The Religious Status of Marriage and of Women	604
3. The Tensions between Ethical Religion and Art	607
Notes	610
XV. The Great Religions and the World	611
1. Judaism and Capitalism	611
2. Jewish Rationalism versus Puritan Asceticism	615
3. The This-Worldliness of Islam and Its Economic Ethics	623
4. The Other-Worldliness of Buddhism and Its Consequences	627
5. Jesus’ Indifference Toward the World	630
Notes	634
Chapter VII
The Market: Its Impersonality and Ethic (Fragment)	635
Notes	640
VOLUME II
Chapter VIII
Economy and Law (Sociology of Law)	641
I. Fields of Substantive Law	641
1. Public Law and Private Law	641
2. Right-Granting and Reglementation	644
3. „Government“ and „Administration“	644
4. Criminal Law and Private Law	647
5. Tort and Crime	649
6. Imperium	651
7. Limitation of Power and Separation of Powers	652
8. Substantive Law and Procedure	653
9. The Categories of Legal Thought	654
Notes	658
II. Forms of Creation of Rights	666
1. Logical Categories of „Legal Propositions“ – Liberties and Powers – Freedom of Contract	666
2. Development of Freedom of Contract – „Status Contracts“ and „Purposive Contracts“ – The Historical Origin of the Purposive Contracts	668
3. Institutions Auxiliary to Actionable Contract: Agency; Assignment; Negotiable Instruments	681
4. Limitations of Freedom of Contract	683
5. Extension of the Effect of a Contract Beyond Its Parties – „Special Law“	694
6. Associational Contracts – Juristic Personality	705
7. Freedom and Coercion	729
Notes	732
III. Emergence and Creation of Legal Norms	753
1. The Emergence of New Legal Norms – Theories of Customary Law Insufficient as Explanations	753
2. The Role of Party Practices in the Emergence and Development of Legal Norms	754
3. From Irrational Adjudication to the Judge-Made Law	758
4. Development of New Law Through Imposition from Above	760
5. Approaches to Legislation	765
6. The Role of the Law Prophets and of the Folk Justice of the Germanic Assembly	768
7. The Role of Law Specialists	775
Notes	776
IV. The Legal Honoratiores and the Types of Legal Thought	784
1. Empirical Legal Training: Law as a „Craft“	785
2. Academic Legal Training: Law as a „Science“ – Origins in Sacred Law	789
3. Legal Honoratiores and the Influence of Roman Law	792
Notes	802
V. Formal and Substantive Rationalization – Theoretic and Secular Law	809
1. The General Conditions of Legal Formalism	809
2. The Substantive Rationalization of Law	815
3. Indian Law	816
4. Chinese Law	818
5. Islamic Law	818
6. Persian Law	822
7. Jewish Law	823
8. Canon Law	828
Notes	831
VI. Imperium and Patrimonial Enactment: The Codifications	839
1. Imperium	839
2. The Driving Forces Behind Codification	848
3. The Reception of Roman Law and the Development of Modern Legal Logic	852
4. Types of Patrimonial Codification	856
Notes	859
VII. The Formal Qualities of Revolutionary Law – Natural Law	865
1. The French Civil Code	865
2. Natural Law as the Normative Standard of Positive Law	866
3. The Origins of Modern Natural Law	868
4. Transformation of Formal into Substantive Natural Law	868
5. Class Relations in Natural Law Ideology	871
6. Practical Significance and Disintegration of Natural Law	873
7. Legal Positivism and the Legal Profession	875
Notes	876
VIII. The Formal Qualities of Modern Law	880
1. Particularism in Modern Law	880
2. The Anti-Formalistic Tendencies of Modern Legal Development	882
3. Contemporary Anglo-American Law	889
4. Lay Justice and Corporative Tendencies in the Modern Legal Profession	892
Notes	895
Chapter IX
Political Communities	901
1. Nature and „Legitimacy“ of Territorial Political Organizations	901
2. Stages in the Formation of Political Association	904
3. Power Prestige and the „Great Powers“	910
4. The Economic Foundations of „Imperialism“	913
5. The Nation	921
6. The Distribution of Power Within the Political Community: Class, Status, Party	926
A. Economically Determined Power and the Status Order	926
B. Determination of Class Situation by Market Situation	927
C. Social Action Flowing from Class Interest	928
D. Types of Class Struggle	930
E. Status Honor	932
F. Ethnic Segregation and Caste	933
G. Status Privileges	935
H. Economic Conditions and effects of Status Stratification	936
I. Parties	938
Notes	939
Chapter X
Domination and Legitimacy	941
1. Domination by Economic Power and by Authority	941
2. Direct Democracy and Rule by Notables	948
3. Organizational Structure and the Bases of Legitimate Authority	952
Notes	954
Chapter XI
Bureaucracy	956
1. Characteristics of Modern Bureaucracy	956
2. The Position of the Official Within and Outside of Bureaucracy	958
I. Office Holding as a Vocation	958
II. The Social Position of the Official	959
A. Social Esteem and Status Convention	959
B. Appointment versus Election: Consequences for Expertise	960
C. Tenure and the Inverse Relationship Between Judicial Independence and Social Prestige	962
D. Rank As the Basis of Regular Salary	963
E. Fixed Career Lines and Status Rigidity	963
3. Monetary and Financial Presuppositions of Bureaucracy	963
A. Excursus on Tax-Farming	965
B. Office Purchase, Prebendal and Feudal Administration	966
C. Excursus on the Superiority of Status Incentives over Physical Coercion	967
D. Summary	968
4. The Quantitative Development of Administrative Tasks	969
Excursus on the Degree of Bureaucratization in Historical Empire Formations	969
5. Qualitative Changes of Administrative Tasks: The Impact of Cultural, Economic and Technological Developments	971
6. The Technical Superiority of Bureaucratic Organization over Administration by Notables	973
A. Excursus on Kadi Justice, Common Law and Roman Law	976
B. Bureaucratic Objectivity, Raison d’Etat and Popular Will	978
7. The Concentration of Means of Administration	980
A. The Bureaucratization of the Army by the State and by Private Capitalism	980
B. The Concentration of Resources in Other Spheres, Including the University	982
8. The Leveling of Social Differences	983
A. Administrative Democratization	983
B. Mass Parties and the Bureaucratic Consequences of Democratization	984
C. Excursus: Historical Examples of „Passive Democratization“	985
D. Economic and Political Motives Behind „Passive Democratization“	986
9. The Objective and Subjective Bases of Bureaucratic Perpetuity	987
10. The Indeterminate Economic Consequences of Bureaucratization	989
11. The Power Position of the Bureaucracy	990
A. The Political Irrelevance of Functional Indispensability	991
B. Administrative Secrecy	992
C. The Ruler’s Dependence on the Bureaucracy	993
12. Excursus on Collegiate Bodies and Interest Groups	994
13. Bureaucracy and Education	998
A. Education Specialization, Degree Hunting and Status Seeking	998
B. Excursus on the „Cultivated Man“	1001
14. Conclusion	1002
Notes	1003
Chapter XII
Patriarchalism and Patrimonialism	1006
1. The Nature and Origin of Patriarchal Domination	1006
2. Domination by Honoratiores and Pure Patriarchalism	1009
3. Patrimonial Domination	1010
4. The Patrimonial State	1013
5. Power Resources: Patrimonial and Non-Patrimonial Armies	1015
6. Patrimonial Domination and Traditional Legitimacy	1020
7. Patrimonial Satisfaction of Public Wants. Liturgy and Collective Responsibility. Compulsory Associations	1022
8. Patrimonial Offices	1025
9. Patrimonial versus Bureaucratic Officialdom	1028
10. The Maintenance of Patrimonial Officials. Benefices in Kind and in Fees	1031
11. Decentralized and Typified Administration As a Consequence of Appropriation and Monopolization	1038
12. Defenses of the Patrimonial State Against Disintegration	1042
13. Ancient Egypt	1044
14. The Chinese Empire	1047
15. Decentralized Patrimonial Domination: Satrapies and Divisional Principalities	1051
16. Patrimonial Rulers versus Local Lords	1055
17. The English Administration by Notables, the Gentry’s Justices of the Peace, and the Evolution of the „Gentleman“	1059
18. Tsarist Patrimonialism	1064
19. Patrimonialism and Status Honor	1068
Notes	1069
Chapter XIII
*Feudalism, Ständestaat* and Patrimonialism**	1070
1. The Nature of Fiefs and Types of Feudal Relationships	1070
2. Fiefs and Benefices	1073
3. The Military Origin of Feudalism	1077
4. Feudal Legitimation	1078
5. The Feudal Separation of Powers and Its Typification	1082
6. The Ständestaat and the Transition from Feudalism to Bureaucracy	1085
7. Patrimonial Officialdom	1088
8. The Indeterminate Economic Preconditions of Patrimonialism and Feudalism	1090
9. The Impact of trade on the Development of Patrimonialism	1092
10. The Stabilizing Influence of Patrimonialism and Feudalism Upon the Economy	1094
11. Monopolism and Mercantilism	1097
12. The Formation and Distribution of Wealth under Feudalism	1099
13. Patrimonial Monopoly and Capitalist Privilege	1102
14. Ethos and Style of Life	1104
Notes	1109
Chapter XIV
Charisma and Its Transformations	1111
I. The Nature and Impact of Charisma	1111
1. The Sociological Nature of Charismatic Authority	1111
2. Foundations and Instability of Charismatic Authority	1114
3. The Revolutionary Nature of Charisma	1115
4. Range of Effectiveness	1117
5. The Social Structure of Charismatic Domination	1119
6. The Communist Want Satisfaction of the Charismatic Community	1119
II. The Genesis and Transformation of Charismatic Authority	1121
1. The Routinization of Charisma	1121
2. The Selection of Leaders and the Designation of Successors	1123
3. Charismatic Acclamation	1125
4. The Transition to Democratic Suffrage	1127
5. The Meaning of Election and Representation	1128
6. Excursus of Party Control by Charismatic Leaders, Notables and Bureaucrats	1130
7. Charisma and the Persistent Forms of Domination	1133
8. The Depersonalization of Charisma: Lineage Charisma, „Clan State“ and Primogeniture	1135
9. Office Charisma	1139
10. Charismatic Kingship	1141
11. Charismatic Education	1143
12. The Plutocratic Acquisition of Charisma	1145
13. The Charismatic Legitimation of the Existing Order	1146
III. Discipline and Charisma	1148
1. The Meaning of Discipline	1148
2. The Origins of Discipline in War	1150
3. The Discipline of Large-Scale Economic Organizations	1155
Notes	1156
Chapter XV
Political and Hierocratic Domination	1158
1. Charismatic Legitimation: Rulers versus Priests	1158
2. Hierocracy, Theocracy and Caesaropapism	1159
3. The Church	1163
4. Hierocratic Reglementation of Conduct and Opposition to Personal Charisma	1164
5. The Hierocratic Ambivalence Toward Asceticism and Monasticism	1166
6. The Religious-Charismatic and Rational Achievements of Monasticism	1168
7. The Uses of Monasticism for Caesaropapism and Hierocracy	1170
8. Compromises Between Political and Hierocratic Power	1173
9. The Social Preconditions of Hierocratic Domination and of Religiosity	1177
10. The Impact of Hierocracy on Economic Development	1181
A. The Accumulation of Church Lands and Secular Opposition	1181
B. Hierocratic and Bourgeois Trading and Craft Interests	1183
C. Heirocratic and Charismatic Ethics Versus Non-Ethical Capitalism	1185
D. The Ban on Usury, the Just Price, and the Downgrading of Secular Vocational Ethics	1188
E. Heirocratic Rationalization and the Uniqueness of Occidental Culture	1192
11. Hierocracy in the Age of Capitalism and of Bourgeois Democracy	1193
12. The Reformation and Its Impact on Economic Life	1196
A. The Political and Religious Causes of the Religious Split	1196
B. Lutheranism	1197
C. Ethics and Church in Calvinism	1198
13. Hierocracy and Economic Ethos in Judaism	1200
A. Excursus on Interpretations of the Judaic Economic Ethos	1202
B. Judaism and Capitalism	1203
14. Sect, Church and Democracy	1204
Notes	1210
Chapter XVI
The City (Non-Legitimate Domination)	1212
I. Concepts and Categories of the City	1212
1. The Economic Concept of the City: The Market Settlement	1212
2. Three Types: The „Consumer City“, the „Producer City“, the „Merchant City“	1215
3. Relation of the City to Agriculture	1217
4. The „Urban Economy“ as a Stage of Economic Development	1218
5. The Politico-Administrative Concept of the City	1220
6. Fortress and Garrison	1221
7. The City as a Fusion of Fortress and Market	1223
8. The „Commune“ and the „Burgher“: A Survey	1226
A. Features of the Occidental Commune	1226
B. Lack of Communal Features in the Orient	1226
C. Pre-Communal Patrician Cities – Mecca	1231
Notes	1234
II. The Occidental City	1236
1. Character of Urban Landownership and Legal Status of Persons	1236
2. The Rise of the City as a Confraternity	1241
3. A Prerequisite for Confraternization: Dissolution of Clan Ties	1243
4. Extra-Urban Associations in the Ancient and Medieval City	1244
5. The Sworn Confraternization in the Occident: Legal and Political Consequences	1248
6. The coniurationes in Italy	1251
7. The confranerniates in the Germanic North	1256
8. The Significance of Urban Military Autonomy in the Occident	1260
Notes	1262
III. The Patrician City in the Middle Ages and in Antiquity	1266
1. The Nature of Patrician City Rule	1266
2. The Monopolistically Closed Rule of the Nobili in Venice	1268
3. Patrician Rule in Other Italian Communes: The Absence of Monopolist Closure, and the Institution of the Podestà	1273
4. English City Oligarchies and Their Constraint by the Royal Administration	1276
5. Rule of the Council-Patriciate and of the Crafts in Northern Europe	1281
6. Family-Charismatic Kingdoms in Antiquity	1282
7. The Ancient Patrician City as a Coastal Settlement of Warriors	1285
8. Ancient and Medieval Patrician Cities: Contrasts and Similarities	1290
9. Economic Character of the Ancient and Medieval Patriciate	1292
Notes	1296
IV. The Plebian City	1301
1. The Destruction of Patrician Rule Through the Sworn Confraternity	1301
2. The Revolutionary Character of the Popolo as a Non-Legitimate Political Association	1302
3. The Distribution of Power Among the Status Groups of the Medieval Italian City	1304
4. Ancient Parallels: Plebs and Tribune in Rome	1308
5. Ancient Parallels: Demos and Ephors in Sparta	1309
6. Stages and Consequences of Democratization in Greece	1311
A. Differential Voting Rights	1311
B. The Rise of the Compulsory Territorial Organization and of Territorial Legislation	1312
C. The Replacement of Notables by Democratic Functionaries	1314
7. Illegitimate Rulership: The Ancient Tyrannis	1315
8. Illegitimate Rulership: The Medieval Signoria	1317
9. The Pacification of the Burghers and the Legitimation of the Signoria	1319
10. Urban Autonomy, Capitalism and Patrimonial Bureaucracy: A Summary	1322
A. Political Autonomy	1323
B. Autonomous Law Creation	1325
C. Autocephaly	1326
D. Taxing Autonomy	1327
E. Market Rights and Autonomous Urban Economic Policy	1328
F. Attitude Toward Non-Citizen Strata	1331
G. The City and the Church	1333
Notes	1335
V. Ancient and Medieval Democracy	1339
1. Origin of the Ancient Lower Class: Debtors and Slaves	1340
2. Constituencies of the City: Ancient Territorial Units versus Medieval Craft Associations	1343
3. Excursus on Athenian versus Roman Constituencies	1348
4. Economic Policies and Military Interests	1349
5. Serfs, Clients and Freedmen: Their Political and Economic Role	1354
6. The Polis as a Warrior Guild versus the Medieval Commercial Inland City	1359
7. Ancient City States and Impediments to Empire Formation	1363
Notes	1368
Appendices
Appendix I
Types of Social Action and Groups	1375
Appendix II
Parliament and Government in a Reconstructed Germany (A Contribution to the Political Critique of Officialdom and Party Politics)	1381
Preface	1381
I. Bismarck’s Legacy	1385
II. Bureaucracy and Political Leadership	1393
1. Bureaucracy and Politics	1393
2. The Realities of Party Politics and the Fallacy of the Corporate State	1395
3. Bureaucratization and the Naivité of the Literati	1399
4. The Political Limitations of Bureaucracy	1403
5. The Limited Role of the Monarch	1405
6. Weak and Strong Parliaments, Negative and Positive Politics	1407
7. The Constitutional Weaknesses of the Reichstag and the Problem of Leadership	1410
III. The Right of Parliamentary Inquiry and the Recruitment of Political Leaders	1416
1. Effective Supervision and the Power Basis of Bureaucracy	1417
2. Parliament as a Proving Ground for Political Leaders	1419
3. The Importance of Parliamentary Committees in War and Peace	1420
4. Domestic Crises and the Lack of Parliamentary Leadership	1424
5. Parliamentary Professionalism and the Vested Interests	1426
IV. Bureaucracy and Foreign Policy	1431
1. The Government’s Failure to Curb Harmful Monarchic Pronouncements	1431
2. Parliamentary and Legal Safeguards	1438
V. Parliamentary Government and Democratization	1442
1. Equal Suffrage and Parliamentarism	1442
2. The Impact of Democratization on Party Organization and Leadership	1443
3. Democratization and Demagoguery	1449
4. Plebiscitary Leadership and Parliamentary Control	1451
5. The Outlook for Effective Leadership in Postwar Germany	1459
Notes	1462
Index
Scholars	iii
Historical Names	v
Subjects	xi

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