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Simmel, Georg. The Philosophy of Money / Edited by David Frisby; Translated by Tom Bottomore and David Frisby from a first draft by Kaethe Mengelberg. 3rd rev. ed.
London; New York: Routledge, 2004 (1990, 1978).
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Аннотация
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Текст
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| Acknowledgements Note on the Translation | XII |
| Preface to the Second Edition | XIII |
| Introduction to the Translation | XV |
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| The Philosophy of Money Preface |
53 |
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| Analytical Part |
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| Chapter I Value and Money |
59 |
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| I | 59 |
| Reality and value as mutually independent categories through which our conceptions
become images of the world | 59 |
| The psychological fact of objective value |
62 |
| Objectivity in practice as standardization or as a guarantee for the totality
of subjective values | 64 |
| Economic value as the objectification of subjective values, as a result of
istablishing distance between the consuming subject and the object | 65
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| An analogy with aesthetic value |
73 |
| Economic activity establishes distances and overcomes them |
75 |
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| II | 79 |
| Exchange asa means of overcomingthe purely subjective value significance
of an object | 79 |
| In exchange, objects express their value reciprocally | 80 |
| The value of an object becomes objectified by exchanging it for another object
| 81 |
| Exchange as a form of life and as the condition of economic value, as a primary
economic fact | 82 |
| Analysis of the theories of utility and scarcity | 90 |
| Value and price: the socially fixed price as a preliminary stage of the objectively
regulated price | 94 |
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| III | 101 |
| Incorporation of economic value and a relativistic world view |
101 |
| The epistemology of a relativistic world view | 102 |
| The construction of proofs in infinite series and their reciprocal legitimation
| 104 |
| The objectivity of truth as well as of value viewed as a relation between
subjective elements | 108 |
| Money as the autonomous manifestation of the exchange relation which transforms
desired objects into economic objects, and establishes the obstitutability of objects
| 119 |
| Analysis of the nature of money with reference to its value stability, its
development and its objectivity | 122 |
| Money as a reification of the general form of existence according to
which things derive their significance from their relationship to each other |
128 |
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| Chapter 2 The Value of Money as a Substance | 131 |
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| I | 131 |
| The intrinsic value of money and the measurement of value | 131 |
| Problems of measurement | 133 |
| The quantity of effective money | 137 |
| Does money possess an intrinsic value ? | 142 |
| The development of the purely symbolic character of money | 146 |
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| II |
152 |
| Renunciation of the non-monetary uses of monetary material |
152 |
| The first argument against money as merely a symbol: the relations of money
and goods, which would make an intrinsic value for money superfluous, are not accurately
determinable; intrinsic value remedies this deficiency | 155
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| The second argument against, money as merely a symbol: the unlimited augmentability
of monetary symbols; relativistic indifference to the absolute limits of monetary
quantity and the errors to which this indifference leads | 159 |
| The supply of money |
161 |
| The reciprocal nature of the limitation that reality places on pure concepts
| 165 |
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| III |
168 |
| The historical development of money from substance to function |
168 |
| Social interactions and their crystallization into separate structures; the
common relations of buyer and seller to the social unit as the sociological premise
of monetary intercourse | 170 |
| Monetary policy: largeness and smallness, diffuseness and concentration of
the economic circle in their significance for the intrinsic character of money |
172 |
| Social interaction and exchange relations: money's functions: its facilitation
of trade, its constancy as a measure of value, its mobilization and condensation
of values | 174 |
| The nature of the economic circle and its significance for money |
179 |
| The transition to money's general functional character |
184 |
| The declining significance of money as substance |
190 |
| The increasing significance of money as value |
198 |
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| Chapter 3 Money in the Sequence of Purposes |
204 |
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| I |
204 |
| Action towards an end as the conscious interaction between subject and
object | 204 |
| The varying length of teleological series |
207 |
| The tool as intensified means |
209 |
| Money as the purest example of the tool | 210 |
| The unlimited possibilities for the utilization of money | 212 |
| The unearned increment of wealth | 217 |
| The difference between the same amount of money as part of a large and of
a small fortune | 218 |
| Money - because of its character as pure means - as peculiarly congruent
with personality types that are not closely united with social groups |
221 |
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| II |
228 |
| The psychological growth of means into ends |
228 |
| Money as the most extreme example of a means becoming an end |
232 |
| Money as an end depends upon the cultural tendencies of an epoch |
232 |
| Psychological consequences of money's teleological position |
235 |
| Greed and avarice | 238 |
| Extravagance | 247 |
| Ascetic poverty | 251
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| Cynicism | 255 |
| The blase attitude |
256 |
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| III |
258 |
| The quantity of money as its quality |
259 |
| Subjective differences in amounts of risk |
260 |
| The qualitatively different consequences of quantitatively altered causes
| 262 |
| The threshold of economic awareness |
264 |
| Differential sensitivity towards economic stimuli |
265 |
| Relations between external stimuli and emotional responses in the field of
money | 269 |
| Significance of the personal unity of the owner |
271 |
| The material and cultural relation of form and amount |
272 |
| The relation between quantity and quality of things, and the significance
of money for this relation | 277 |
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| Synthetic Part |
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| Chapter 4 Individual Freedom | 283 |
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| I | 283 |
| Freedom exists in conjunction with duties | 283 |
| The gradations of this freedom depend on whether the duties are directly
personal or apply only to the products of labour | 284 |
| Money payment as the form most congruent with personal freedom |
285 |
| The maximization of value through changes in ownership | 292
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| Cultural development increases the number of persons on whom one is dependent
and the simultaneous decrease in ties to persons viewed as individuals |
295 |
| Money is responsible for impersonal relations between people, and thus for
individual freedom | 297 |
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| II | 303 |
| Possession as activity | 303 |
| The mutual dependence of having and being | 306 |
| The dissolving of this dependency by the possession of money |
307 |
| Lack of freedom as the interweaving of the mental series: this lack at a
minimum when the interweaving of either is with the most general of the other series |
312 |
| Its application to limitations deriving from economic interests |
314 |
Freedom as the articulation of the self in the medium of things, that is, freedom
as possession
